This appeal decision of the Fair Work Ciomssion sets out in detail the legal principles which apply to the grant of extension of time limits in cases.
“Introduction
[1] GHD Pty Ltd trading as GHD seeks permission to appeal and if granted, appeals a
decision1
of Commissioner Yilmaz dated 15 September 2022.
[2] The Commissioner granted an extension of time to Mr Kevin Alan Black to file a general
protections dismissal application pursuant to s 365 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) (Act). GHD
contends that the decision was attended by appealable error and that it would be in the public
interest for permission to appeal to be granted.
[3] GHD sought a stay of the decision pending the hearing and determination of the appeal.
The stay application was granted, and an order was made on 19 October 2022.2
[4] For the reasons that follow, we are satisfied that it is in the public interest to grant
permission to appeal. The appeal is upheld and, on a redetermination of Mr Black’s application
for an extension of time, we dismiss the application.
Background
[5] Mr Black was employed by GHD from 9 November 2020 and performed work under a
secondment to GHD’s client, Main Roads Western Australia.3 Mr Black’s contract of
employment with GHD was described as “fixed term,” but would end either on 23 December
2022 or on “the completion of your role under the Asset Management Support services contract
with Main Roads Western Australia, or until GHD’s client (Main Roads Western Australia)
advises that you are no longer required, whichever occurs first.”4
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DECISION
[2023] FWCFB 38
2
[6] On 17 November 2021 GHD informed Mr Black that Main Roads Western Australia
“have advised GHD that they are concluding your secondment and you are no longer required
on the project.”5 On 25 November 2021, GHD notified Mr Black that his employment would
terminate on 26 November 2021, with five weeks’ pay in lieu of notice.6
[7] The 21-day statutory timeframe to file either an unfair dismissal application under s 394
of the Act or a general protections dismissal dispute under s 365 of the Act expired on 17
December 2021.7
On 17 December 2021, Mr Black filed an application with the Commission
under s 394 of the Act alleging that he was dismissed unfairly by GHD.8 The unfair dismissal
application proceeded to a conciliation conference before the Commission on 3 March 20229
at
which the proceeding did not resolve.
[8] On 15 March 2022, Mr Black filed with the Commission and served upon GHD a notice
of discontinuance in respect of the unfair dismissal application.10 In an ex parte communication
to the Commission the same day, Mr Black stated “…this particular application has been
formally discontinued by myself to enable me to lodge the correct form F8.”11
[9] On 3 June 2022, Mr Black filed with the Commission a general protections application
pursuant to s 365 of the Act in respect of his dismissal from GHD.12
[10] An application under s 365 of the Act must be made within 21 days after the dismissal
took effect, or within such further period as the Commission allows, having regard to the
matters at s 366(2). Mr Black’s general protections application was lodged 168 days beyond
the 21-day statutory timeframe. In the circumstances, it was necessary for Mr Black to obtain
an extension of time. GHD opposed the grant of such an extension.
[11] The 168-day delay was treated in the decision as consisting of two distinct parts. First,
a period of 76 days from the expiration of the 21-day statutory timeframe on 17 December 2021
to the conciliation conference conducted in respect of Mr Black’s unfair dismissal application
on 3 March 2022, and second, a period of 92 days from the conciliation conference to the date
the general protections application was filed on 3 June 2022.
The decision
[12] In the decision, after setting out the circumstances which led to the late lodgement of
Mr Black’s general protections application, the Commissioner turned to consider s 366(2) of
the Act, which is as follows:
(2) The FWC may allow a further period if the FWC is satisfied that there are
exceptional circumstances, taking into account:
(a) the reason for the delay; and
(b) any action taken by the person to dispute the dismissal; and
[2023] FWCFB 38
3
(c) prejudice to the employer (including prejudice caused by the delay); and
(d) the merits of the application; and
(e) fairness as between the person and other persons in a like position.
[13] With respect to the reason for the delay,13 the Commissioner observed that Mr Black
relied upon the following matters:
(a) a purported delay in his unfair dismissal application proceeding to a conciliation
conference in the Commission, which Mr Black attributed to the granting of an
adjournment at the behest of GHD;14
(b) the advice Mr Black says he received from the conciliator during the conciliation
conference in his unfair dismissal application on 3 March 2022, to the effect that he
had “filed the wrong form;”15 and
(c) the health symptoms similar to or arising from a COVID-19 infection, which Mr
Black relies upon to explain the 92-day delay between the conciliation conference
and the lodgement of his general protections application. In support of his position,
Mr Black produced a photograph of a positive rapid antigen test.16
[14] The Commissioner concluded that there were exceptional circumstances in relation to
the period from the expiration of the 21-day statutory timeframe on 17 December 2021 to the
conciliation conference conducted in respect of Mr Black’s unfair dismissal application on 3
March 2022. In this respect, the Commissioner made the following findings:
(a) Mr Black filed the unfair dismissal application on 17 December 2021, and the
conciliation conference was conducted on 3 March 2022;17
(b) “…the delay in listing the unfair dismissal conciliation conference was not
attributable to any action by Mr Black”;18
(c) “…had Mr Black not withdrawn his unfair dismissal application he would have had
recourse to a process where his dismissal would be assessed on the basis of it being
harsh, unjust or unfair. While not a general protections application, he nevertheless
would have had access to a process for remedy”;19 and
(d) Mr Black “did not consider that his application should have been more appropriate
as a general protections application had he not had the discussion with the
conciliator. While the conciliator did not advise him to withdraw and file a new
claim, the discussion was enough for him to question the correctness of his
application.”20
[15] The Commissioner stated, “even if the period from dismissal until the conciliation
conference were accepted as exceptional circumstances for the delay, there remains a delay of
92 days, not an insignificant period.”
21 The Commissioner observed that Mr Black attributed
the delay in subsequently filing his general protections application to “symptoms similar to or
the actual COVID-19 infection.”22 The Commissioner was not satisfied that “one picture of a
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positive RAT” was sufficient to corroborate Mr Black’s position that he was “incapable of filing
his application” until 3 June 2022.23 Rather, the Commissioner found that the second period of
the delay following the conciliation conference was “absent of any valid or exceptional
reason”
24 and the Commissioner was not satisfied that Mr Black had demonstrated “credible
reasons regarding this consideration that weigh in his favour.”25
[16] The Commissioner regarded the following matters to weigh in favour of an extension
of time:
(a) With respect to the steps taken to dispute the termination,26 the Commissioner was
satisfied that Mr Black “took active steps to challenge his dismissal” including by
making an unfair dismissal application in the Commission, although “[i]t is
reasonable to conclude that Mr Black did not intended to pursue his dispute
following the conciliation conference.”27
(b) In relation to the merits of Mr Black’s application,28 the Commissioner concluded
that Mr Black “may have an arguable case on merit.”29
[17] The Commissioner found that considerations as to any prejudice to GHD,30 and fairness
as between Mr Black and other persons in a like position were neutral considerations.31
[18] Having regard to the fact that “there may be an arguable case” and Mr Black had taken
“active steps to challenge his dismissal,” the Commissioner concluded that “mismanagement”
of Mr Black’s unfair dismissal application “led to delay including his failure to present credible
evidence to justify the reasons for delay.”32 The Commissioner said that “it was only after the
discussion with the conciliator that Mr Black questioned whether his unfair dismissal should
have been a general protections application”
33 and “for no good reason a discussion about
general protections well after his dismissal led to withdrawal of his application.”34
[19] The Commissioner ultimately determined to grant an extension of time.35
Appeal grounds and submissions
[20] GHD’s notice of appeal sets out nine grounds of appeal, which in summary contend that
the Commissioner erred in the following respects:36
(1) in finding that there were exceptional circumstances to justify a 168-day extension
in circumstances where the Commissioner rejected the reason advanced for more
than half (92 days) of the delay;
(2) by allowing extraneous or irrelevant matters to guide or affect her;
(3) by (a) mistaking the facts by finding that “mismanagement” of Mr Black’s unfair
dismissal application led to the delay, (b) failing to take into account a material
consideration being the delay in filing the general protections application prior to 3
March 2022, or (c) accepting the period of delay prior to 3 March 2022 as
exceptional;
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(4) by not being satisfied (or, if satisfied, then not taking into account) that the reason
for the delay weighs against an extension of time;
(5) by concluding that GHD had not experienced disadvantage of prejudice and that the
s 366(2)(c) consideration was neutral;
(6) by acting on a wrong principle in determining that the merits of the application
favoured an extension of time;
(7) in finding that GHD did not address the consideration at s 366(2)(e) of the Act and
thereby (a) denied GHD procedural fairness, (b) mistook the facts, (c) failed to take
into account a material consideration, and (d) erred in being satisfied that the s
366(2)(e) factor was a neutral consideration;
(8) in determining that the following matters were “exceptional circumstances”:
- the matters dealt with by appeal ground 2;
- the matters dealt with by appeal grounds 3(a) and (c);
- the matters dealt with by appeal ground 6; and
- the finding at [26] of the decision that Mr Black took “active steps” to
challenge his dismissal; and
(9) in making a decision which is unreasonable or plainly unjust.
[21] GHD contends that the grant of permission to appeal is in the public interest because the
result is counter intuitive, and the legal principles applied appear disharmonious with wellestablished principles of the Commission in determining extension of time applications in
general protections disputes relating to a dismissal. Further, GHD submits that the decision is
attended with sufficient doubt to warrant reconsideration and manifests an injustice to GHD.
[22] Mr Black’s submissions in respect of the appeal invited the Commission to set aside the
Commissioner’s primary finding of fact that there was no acceptable reason for the delay of 92
days from 3 March to 3 June 2022.37 However, at the commencement of the hearing, Mr Black
confirmed that he no longer sought to pursue this matter. The appeal proceedings were
conducted upon the basis of Mr Black’s advice in this respect.
[23] In response to GHD’s appeal, Mr Black contends, in summary, that the matters
advanced by GHD in its notice of appeal are minor or otherwise taken out of context. Mr Black
submits that GHD has “subdivided” the decision and in so doing, fails to take into consideration
the decision as a whole. Mr Black’s position is that the Commissioner carefully considered the
facts against the criteria in s 366(2) of the Act and reached a reasonable and balanced decision.38
Principles on appeal
[24] An appeal under s 604 of the Act is an appeal by way of rehearing and the Commission’s
powers on appeal are exercisable only if there is error on the part of the primary decision
maker.39 There is no right to appeal, and an appeal may be made only with the permission of
the Commission.
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[25] Subsection 604(2) of the Act requires the Commission to grant permission to appeal if
satisfied that it is “in the public interest to do so.” The task of assessing whether the public
interest test is met is a discretionary one involving a broad value judgment.40 The public interest
is not satisfied simply by the identification of error, or a preference for a different result.41 In
GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd v Makin42 a Full Bench of the Commission identified some
of the considerations that may attract the public interest:
“… the public interest might be attracted where a matter raises issues of importance and
general application, or where there is a diversity of decisions at first instance so that
guidance from an appellate court is required, or where the decision at first instance
manifests an injustice, or the result is counter intuitive, or that the legal principles applied
appear disharmonious when compared with other recent decisions dealing with similar
matters.”43
[26] The test of “exceptional circumstances” in relation to extensions of time to lodge
applications under s 365, establishes a “high hurdle” for an application for an extension, and a
decision as to whether to extend time under s 366(2) involves the exercise of discretion.44
Therefore it will be necessary, in an application for permission to appeal against a decision
made under s 366(2), to demonstrate that there is an arguable case and that there was appealable
error in the exercise of the discretion. This will require the identification of error of the type
described in House v The King45
– that is, that the decision-maker has acted on a wrong principle,
has mistaken the facts, has taken into account an irrelevant consideration or failed to take into
account a relevant consideration, or has made a decision which is unreasonable or manifestly
unjust.
[27] An appellate tribunal is not authorised to set aside a discretionary decision on the basis
of a preference for an outcome different to that determined by the first instance decision-maker.
In this respect, the High Court said in Norbis v Norbis:
46
“The principles enunciated in House v. The King were fashioned with a close eye on the
characteristics of a discretionary order in the sense which we have outlined. If the
questions involved lend themselves to differences of opinion which, within a given
range, are legitimate and reasonable answers to the questions, it would be wrong to allow
a court of appeal to set aside a judgment at first instance merely because there exists just
such a difference of opinion between the judges on appeal and the judge at first instance.
In conformity with the dictates of principled decision-making, it would be wrong to
determine the parties’ rights by reference to a mere preference for a different result over
that favoured by the judge at first instance, in the absence of error on his part. According
to our conception of the appellate process, the existence of an error, whether of law or
fact, on the part of the court at first instance is an indispensable condition of a successful
appeal.”
[28] We turn now to examine the grounds of appeal.
Consideration
Appeal grounds 1, 3(b)-(c) and 4
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[29] We commence with consideration of appeal grounds 1, 3(b)-(c) and 4.
[30] Appeal grounds 3(b)-(c) and 4 concern the Commissioner’s findings in respect of the
factor in s 366(2)(a) of the Act as to the reason for the 168-day delay. Appeal ground 1 contends
that the Commissioner erred by finding that exceptional circumstances existed after she had
found that the were was no credible reason for 92 days of the 168-day delay.
[31] As earlier noted, the Commissioner considered the 168-day delay as comprising of two
distinct parts: the expiration of the 21-day statutory timeframe on 17 December 2021 to the
conciliation conference in Mr Black’s unfair dismissal application on 3 March 2022; and the
period from 3 March 2022 to the making of the general protections application on 3 June 2022.
[32] With respect to the first period of the delay the Commissioner stated:
(a) “Even if the period from dismissal until the conciliation conference were accepted
as exceptional circumstances for the delay, there remains a delay of 92 days…”47
(b) “On this basis, I do consider the period from the conciliation conference until the
lodgement date of this application, as the period of delay relevant to this
consideration.”48
(c) “Despite accepting the period as unusual or exceptional circumstances in this matter,
the period from the conciliation conference is absent of any valid or exceptional
reason.”49
[33] With respect to the second period of the delay the Commissioner stated:
(a) “On any objective basis, Mr Black’s explanation cannot be accepted as being
exceptional, unusual, out of the ordinary, uncommon or special.”50
(b) “…the period from the conciliation conference is absent of any valid or exceptional
reason.”51
(c) “Consequently, for the period in question, I am not satisfied that Mr Black has
demonstrated credible reasons regarding this consideration that weigh in his
favour.”52
[34] We consider that these statements reveal various errors.
[35] It appears from the reasoning extracted at [32](b) above that the 76-day delay, being the
period prior to the conciliation conference, was not regarded by the Commissioner as a relevant
consideration in respect of s 366(2)(a) of the Act. However, as set out at [32](a) and [32](c)
above, the Commissioner accepted that the reason for the delay in first period was
“exceptional,” as that word is understood in the context of s 366(2). It follows that the
Commissioner expressly considered the first period of the delay, but did so in a manner which
reflects an erroneous approach to the statutory task.
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[36] Exceptional circumstances are considered by reference to the s 366(2) factors, and the
reason for the delay is only one of the factors to be taken into account.53 In the context of the
Commissioner’s findings, we consider the Commissioner erred by accepting the period of the
delay prior to 3 March 2022 as “unusual or exceptional circumstances” as opposed to
considering the reason for the delay in its entirety as a factor in her overall consideration of s
366(2)(a) of the Act.
[37] Further, it is not evident from the decision how the findings with respect to the first and
second period of the delay were taken into account in the overall assessment of the factor in s
366(2)(a) of the Act. Rather, it appears that the Commissioner made two separate findings with
respect to the factor. At [23] of the decision, the Commissioner found that the second period of
the delay did not weigh in favour of Mr Black (but also did not weigh against Mr Black). At
[47] of the decision, the Commissioner appears to find that the first period of the delay weighs
in favour of the extension of time.54 We consider that the Commissioner erred by separately
weighing the first period of the delay and the second period of the delay.
[38] In this respect, the Commissioner at [47] of the decision stated that “mismanagement of
[Mr Black’s] application led to delay including his failure to present credible evidence to justify
the reasons for delay.” To the extent it might be suggested that this explains how the first period
of the delay interplays with the second period of the delay, that is rejected.
[39] We do not consider there to be any available connection between the unfair dismissal
application and Mr Black’s capacity to present evidence in his application for an extension of
time. Additionally, the two periods of the delay are multiple times the length of the 21-day
statutory timeframe. While the weighing of any factor is “plainly a question of degree and
weight,”55 in the context of a 168-day delay where 92 of those days are found to have no credible
reason attributable to them, it is not open to infer such a balancing act where no reasons are
given. Rather, the correct inference is that the two periods of the delay were considered
separately.
[40] Against these observations, we reject appeal ground 1. Any notion that an unexplained
92-day delay means ipso facto no exceptional circumstances ignores the other factors in s
366(2) which may weigh in favour of a finding of exceptional circumstances.
[41] However, we consider that there is an error in the Commissioner’s weighing of s
366(2)(a). Having found there to be no credible explanation for 92 days of the delay, it was,
with respect, illogical for the Commissioner to not have considered this to weigh against a
finding of exceptional circumstances. As discussed, the timeframe for making an application is
21 days from the day the dismissal took effect. Accordingly, an unexplained 92-day delay
provides Mr Black with a period of over four times the statutory timeframe without reason.
While it may be open to the Commission acting within its jurisdiction to find a partly explained
period of delay to weigh in favour of exceptional circumstances,56 we do not regard there to be
any basis for doing so on the facts of this matter.
[42] For these reasons,57 we uphold appeal grounds 3(b) and (c), and 4.
Appeal grounds 2, 3(a), 8(a) and (b)
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[43] It is contended by appeal ground 2 that the Commissioner erred by allowing extraneous
or irrelevant matters to guide her when considering the reason for the delay. The matters
identified concern the unfair dismissal application. Further, by appeal ground 3(a), GHD alleges
that the Commissioner erred by mistaking the facts in finding that “mismanagement” of Mr
Black’s unfair dismissal application explained the delay in filing his general protections
application.
[44] The apparent basis for a finding of “mismanagement” is that the unfair dismissal
conciliation conference was listed to proceed on 22 February 2022 but was relisted to 3 March
2022 at GHD’s request.58 Further, during the conciliation conference a discussion between the
conciliator and Mr Black appears to have led Mr Black to conclude that he should have instead
filed a general protections application. The Commissioner considered that, had Mr Black not
“had the discussion with the conciliator”
59 prior to withdrawing his unfair dismissal application
and making a general protections application, he would have had the benefit of seeking a
remedy for his dismissal.
[45] The Commissioner was “swayed by the evidence” that Mr Black “questioned whether
his unfair dismissal should have been a general protections application”
60 only after discussing
his application during the conciliation conference. The Commissioner stated as follows:
(a) “…the delay in listing the unfair dismissal conciliation conference was not
attributable to any action by Mr Black.”61
(b) “mismanagement of his application led to delay including his failure to present
credible evidence to justify the reasons for delay.”62
(c) “…had Mr Black not withdrawn his unfair dismissal application he would have had
recourse to a process where his dismissal would be assessed on the basis of it being
harsh, unjust or unfair. While not a general protections application, he nevertheless
would have had access to a process for remedy.”63
(d) Mr Black “did not consider that his application should have been more appropriate
as a general protections application had he not had the discussion with the
conciliator. While the conciliator did not advise him to withdraw and file a new
claim, the discussion was enough for him to question the correctness of his
application.”64
(e) “…it was only after the discussion with the conciliator that Mr Black questioned
whether his unfair dismissal application should have been a general protections
application.”65
(f) “for no good reason a discussion about general protections well after his dismissal
led to withdrawal of his application.”66
[46] The matters relied upon by the Commissioner provide an inadequate basis for a
conclusion that the first period of the delay was wholly occasioned by the “mismanagement” of
Mr Black’s unfair dismissal application. The material does not demonstrate that the conciliation
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conference was unreasonably delayed; rather it was dealt with in a routine manner over the
Christmas and New Year period in 2021-22. The adjournment of the conciliation conference
from 22 February to 3 March 2022 was granted on the basis that GHD’s email spam filters
restricted service of Mr Black’s application for an unfair dismissal remedy until 17 February
- Further, there is nothing unusual about (a) Mr Black choosing to challenge his dismissal
by first filing an unfair dismissal application before withdrawing it and filing a general
protections application instead, or (b) for a conciliator to privately express views to a litigant in
a conciliation conference. Precisely what was said in the conciliation is not in evidence (as is
appropriate), however we note that the Commissioner found that “…the conciliator did not
advise him to withdraw and file a new claim…”
67 In these circumstances, by concluding that
the routine management of Mr Black’s application amounted to “unusual or exceptional
circumstances,” the Commissioner mistook the facts and thereby erred.
[47] Accordingly, we uphold appeal grounds 2 and 3(a).
[48] Appeal grounds 8(a) and (b) are related. It is contended that the Commissioner erred in
determining that the matters set out at [45] above and the matters dealt with by appeal grounds
3(a) and (c) were exceptional circumstances. Having regard to our conclusions at [36], [42] and
[46]-[47] of this decision, we also uphold appeal grounds 8(a) and (b).
Appeal ground 5
[49] By appeal ground 5, GHD contends that the Commissioner erred in reaching a state of
satisfaction that (a) GHD had not experienced disadvantage or prejudice by the delay,68 and (b)
the factor in s 366(2)(c) of the Act concerning prejudice to the employer was a neutral
consideration.69
[50] In the decision, the Commissioner’s analysis as to the prejudice that may be occasioned
to GHD does not address GHD’s submissions in respect of this factor.70 To the contrary, the
Commissioner concluded that “I do not consider that the Respondent has experienced
disadvantage or prejudice,” but no supporting material is relied upon in respect of this
conclusion. In these circumstances it cannot be said that GHD’s submission, including GHD’s
specific responses to questions posed by the Commissioner on the topic of prejudice during the
hearing,71 were taken into account.
[51] It is well accepted that a lengthy delay gives rise to a general presumption of prejudice.72
The 168-day delay in Mr Black’s general protections application can only be described as
lengthy. A relevant prejudice is one that GHD would not have suffered, had the application
been made within 21 days of the dismissal taking effect.73 Having regard to the contentions
made by Mr Black in his general protections application, and his reliance upon alleged
discussions and meetings,74 it is conceivable that, consistent with GHD’s submissions, a
significant delay of 168 days may impair the recollection or availability of GHD’s witnesses
and thereby give rise to a relevant prejudice.
[52] The Commissioner’s conclusion that prejudice to GHD was a neutral consideration in
the absence of addressing GHD’s contentions in respect of this factor, gives rise to appealable
error.
[53] We uphold appeal ground 5.
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Appeal grounds 6 and 8(c)
[54] By appeal ground 6, GHD contends that the Commissioner erred by acting on a wrong
principle by determining that the merits of the application favoured the grant of an extension of
time. Further, it is submitted by appeal ground 8(c) that the Commissioner erred in determining
that the matters set out at [56] below were exceptional circumstances.
[55] For the consideration in s 366(2)(d) to weigh in favour of an extension of time, it must
be shown that there is some merit in the substantive application.75 However, where the merits
of the substantive application turn on contested points of fact or law, it is well established that
they are not able to be fully examined or agitated at this stage of the proceeding which is
essentially interlocutory.76
[56] The Commissioner concluded, in respect of this factor, as follows:
(a) “…on balance I have concluded that Mr Black may have an arguable case…”77 and
(b) “Mr Black raises serious allegations of contravention of his workplace rights which
on the material before me, consider there may be an arguable case…”78
[57] The decision discloses that the Commissioner’s view as to merits was informed by the
following:79
(a) “Mr Black’s allegations regarding contravention of his workplace rights was not
heavily contested by GHD.”
(b) “GHD contends the dismissal occurred simply because the client no longer required
Mr Black. This in itself appears inconsistent with the evidence of the terms in the
fixed term contract, the secondment terms and the expected duration of the project
to be managed by GHD.”
(c) “Mr Black contested the allegations [that he did not comply with safety
requirements], and his request for evidence against him and his evidence disputing
the allegations appears not to have been taken into account.”
[58] While it was not necessary or appropriate for the Commissioner to determine the parties’
respective merits case, the decision does not address GHD’s response to Mr Black’s merits
case. On the contrary, the Commissioner made a finding that Mr Black’s allegations were “not
heavily contested by GHD” which is at odds with GHD’s stated position, as follows:
(a) “Under GHD’s contract with Main Roads WA, Main Roads WA had rights to
terminate the secondments of GHD personnel. Main Roads WA decided to conclude
the Applicant’s secondment…”80
(b) “GHD engaged with the Western Australian business, including our regional offices
and other clients, to seek to identify alternative roles for the Applicant, however no
alternate roles were identified.”81
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(c) “The Applicant also states that the secondment was terminated because he did not
attend site pre-start meetings and refused to undertake a breathalyser. Main Roads
WA did communicate their concerns to GHD relating to the Applicant failing to
attend site pre-start meetings and not undertaking required drug and alcohol
screening tests and GHD understands that this was a factor in their decision to
terminate the secondment arrangement. GHD explored these concerns with the
Applicant and Main Roads WA and concluded that the required safety practices had
not been undertaken by the Applicant to the expected standard. The Applicant was
given an opportunity to respond as part of the process.”82
(d) “The Applicant references certain project related safety concerns which he raised
with GHD and Main Roads WA and alleges that his raising these concerns led to
the conclusion of his secondment and dismissal. GHD understands that Main Roads
WA investigated the concerns and that no major issues were identified. The
Applicant raising such concerns was entirely appropriate for someone undertaking
his role and our understanding is that the Applicant’s raising project related safety
concerns had no bearing on the client’s decision to conclude his secondment.”83
(e) “Mr Black has raised allegations that his dismissal was due to raising safety
concerns. That is not correct. GHD’s position is that raising safety concerns was part
of Mr Black’s role and it was expected that he would do that.”84
(f) “The suggestion that Mr Black would be subject to an adverse action for raising
safety concerns is not credible and would be vehemently denied…we would be
calling evidence that we vigorously deny those allegations made.”85
(g) “GHD refutes these allegations in the strongest possible terms and, in the event that
an extension of time is granted, GHD will vigorously defend such allegations…”86
[59] The Commissioner’s conclusion in respect of merits is that Mr Black may have an
arguable case. Notwithstanding the equivocal nature of the Commissioner’s finding, the
Commissioner concluded that “this consideration weighs in his favour for an extension of
time.”87 However, in the absence of a hearing of the evidence in respect of these matters, which
are squarely in contest as [58] above demonstrates, it was not possible for the Commissioner to
make a firm assessment of the merits of Mr Black’s application.
[60] Accordingly, in circumstances where the Commissioner’s finding that Mr Black may
have an arguable case was (a) based on an inaccurate factual premise that GHD did not heavily
contest the allegations put against it, and (b) did not take into account the contentions advanced
by GHD in response to Mr Black’s merit case, we find that the Commissioner made an error of
principle by weighing this factor in favour of an extension of time.
[61] We uphold appeal ground 6.
[62] Appeal ground 8(c) is rejected. While the Commissioner found that the matters set out
at [56] above favoured an extension of time, it is not apparent from the decision that the
Commissioner determined that those matters were, of themselves, “exceptional circumstances”
as contended by this ground of appeal.
[2023] FWCFB 38
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Appeal ground 7
[63] The consideration at s 366(2)(e) of the Act concerns fairness between Mr Black and
other persons in a like position. The substance of appeal ground 7 is that the Commissioner
erred by failing to take into account GHD’s submissions in relation to this factor. This is plainly
correct. GHD made submissions88 in relation to s 366(2)(e). However, the Commissioner stated
in the decision that GHD “did not address”
89 this matter and concluded that the factor was a
neutral consideration.
[64] In light of the Commissioner’s conclusion at [44] of the decision, it is apparent that the
Commissioner did not take GHD’s submissions into account. In this circumstance, we consider
the Commissioner erred by mistaking the facts or by failing to take into account a relevant
consideration in respect of s 366(2)(e) of the Act. This gives rise to an appealable error of the
kind set out in House v The King. It follows that we uphold appeal grounds 7(b)-(d).
[65] In the circumstances, we consider it unnecessary to consider whether this error denied
GHD procedural fairness as contended by subsection (a) of this ground of appeal.
Appeal ground 8(d)
[66] It is contended by appeal ground 8(d) that the Commissioner erred by finding that it was
an exceptional circumstance that Mr Black “took active steps to challenge his dismissal.”
90
We
reject this ground. While the Commissioner was satisfied that the consideration at s 366(2)(b)
weighed in favour of an extension of time, the decision contains no express statement that would
support a conclusion that the Commissioner regarded this finding, of itself, to be an
“exceptional circumstance” as contended.
Appeal ground 9
[67] Appeal ground 9 invokes what is often referred to as the “second limb” of the House v
The King test for error in discretionary decision-making. That is, that the decision under appeal
was unreasonable and plainly unjust and permitted the inference to be drawn that the decisionmaker failed properly to exercise the discretion invested in them.
[68] As the Full Bench in King v Catholic Education Office Diocese of Parramatta t/a
Catholic Education Diocese of Parramatta91 observed, where a decision is accompanied by full
reasons, the basis upon which the decision has been reached will usually be apparent and any
specific error in the exercise of the discretion will be identifiable.92 In that circumstance,
consideration of whether the decision or outcome was “unreasonable or plainly unjust” will
usually be unnecessary.93
[69] Having identified specific errors in the exercise of the Commissioner’s discretion in the
context of this decision, we do not consider it to be necessary to make a finding in respect of
appeal ground 9.
[70] We dismiss this ground of appeal.
[2023] FWCFB 38
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Permission to appeal
[71] The appealable errors we have identified caused the Commissioner’s discretion to
miscarry. As a result, we are satisfied that the decision manifests an injustice. It cannot be said
that the appealable errors we have identified would not have made a difference to the ultimate
outcome of the application. Accordingly, we consider that it would be in the public interest to
grant permission to appeal.
[72] The appeal should be upheld and the decision of the Commissioner quashed.
Re-determination of the extension of time application
[73] We consider that the procedurally convenient course is for us to re-determine Mr
Black’s application for an extension of time under s 366(2) of the Act on the basis of the
evidentiary material that was before the Commissioner.
94 These matters are considered in the
analysis which follows.
Reason for the delay – s 366(2)(a)
[74] Mr Black relies upon the following matters to explain the delay in filing his general
protections application:
(a) Mr Black filed an application for an unfair dismissal remedy on 17 December 2021.
The 22 February 2022 conciliation conference was adjourned to 3 March 2022 at
GHD’s request. Further, GHD did not file its employer response document until 24
February 2022.95
(b) During the conciliation conference on 3 March 2022 “it was recognised” that Mr
Black “had filled in the wrong Form and should have filled in a Form 8 (General
Protections).” On 15 March 2022, Mr Black discontinued his unfair dismissal
application.96
(c) Mr Black contends that he was unwell during the period between approximately 15
March to 25 May 2022 and “wasn’t able to think clearly or operate a lap top.” Mr
Black submits that he tested positive for COVID-19 sometime in March and early
April 2022. While Mr Black says that he returned a negative COVID-19 test in the
second week of May 2022, he subsequently tested positive to COVID-19 on 13 May
- Mr Black produced a photograph of a rapid antigen test that he says was taken
of his test result on that date.97
[75] For the reasons that follow, we are not satisfied that Mr Black has provided an
acceptable reason for the 168-day delay in lodging his general protections application.
[76] Firstly, Mr Black elected to make an unfair dismissal application in the Commission
and had the benefit of a conciliation conference in respect of it. There is no material before the
Commission which demonstrates that the conciliation conference was unreasonably delayed.
GHD’s request for an adjournment was dealt with in a routine manner and the conference was
[2023] FWCFB 38
15
adjourned by only nine days. GHD filed its employer response form filed prior to the
conference.98
[77] Further, as noted at [46] of this decision, there is nothing unusual about Mr Black
choosing to challenge his dismissal by first filing an unfair dismissal application before
withdrawing it and filing a general protections application instead. Nor is it unusual for a
conciliator to privately express views to a litigant in a conciliation conference.
[78] Accordingly, we reject that these matters constitute an acceptable or credible reason for
the delay.
[79] Secondly, Mr Black has produced no medical evidence in support of his contention that
he was not capable of filing his general protections application at any stage prior to 3 June 2022.
An undated photograph of a positive rapid antigen test is insufficient to support Mr Black’s
contention. In the absence of medical evidence which provides some insight into the extent to
which Mr Black was incapacitated in the period from the conciliation conference to 3 June
2022,99 we do not accept the contention that the delay was occasioned by Mr Black’s health.
Nor does the material before the Commission support such a conclusion in any event. Mr Black
contends that the “substance” of his claim “remains the same” as his unfair dismissal
application, and “has not changed part from being further clarified.”100 In these circumstances,
there is no credible basis advanced by Mr Black to explain the three-month delay in filing his
general protections application following the conciliation conference in his unfair dismissal
application.
[80] Having concluded that Mr Black has not provided an acceptable reason for any part of
the 168-day delay, we consider that this factor weighs against a finding of exceptional
circumstances.
Action to dispute the dismissal – s 366(2)(b)
[81] It is apparent on the evidence that Mr Black challenged the matters put to him during
the course of the dismissal meeting on 25 November 2022.101 However, there is no evidence
before the Commission that GHD was on notice of the possibility of Mr Black making an
application to challenge his dismissal in the Commission before Mr Black filed his application
for an unfair dismissal remedy on 17 December 2022. Nor is there any material before the
Commission which demonstrates that Mr Black provided any indication to GHD that he would
seek to make a general protections application after discontinuing the application for an unfair
dismissal remedy on 15 March 2022. Rather, Mr Black’s notice of discontinuance advised that
Mr Black “wholly discontinued” the matter. Mr Black did not select the option of discontinuing
the matter to pursue an alternative application.102
[82] It follows that GHD was not on notice of the possibility of Mr Black making a general
protections application pursuant to s 365 of the Act before it was made. In the circumstances
before us, we regard this factor to be a neutral consideration.
Prejudice to the employer – s 366(2)(c)
[2023] FWCFB 38
16
[83] As noted at [51] of this decision, a long delay gives rise to a general presumption of
prejudice.
103
[84] GHD submits104 that it will be prejudiced if an extension of time were to be granted. It
contends that the statutory time limits for bringing an application under the Act are directed
toward the timely resolution of disputes and the provision of certainty to parties. GHD says that
it was entitled to, and did, treat the dispute concerning Mr Black’s dismissal as being finalised
upon receipt of the notice of discontinuance concerning Mr Black’s unfair dismissal
application. GHD’s position is that if an extension of time were to be granted, it would be
“prejudiced in its ability to defend” Mr Black’s general protections application, having regard
to the extensive delay. In this respect, GHD relies upon issues with witness availability and
“recollection issues,” which would be prejudicial to its interests.105
[85] Mr Black contends106 that GHD will suffer no disadvantage by an extension of time. In
support of this position, Mr Black notes that GHD “caused previous delays by not lodging
responses in time.” Mr Black submits that he is simply asking for “similar consideration that
GHD has been given” particularly noting that the delay was occasioned by his illness. Further,
Mr Black submits that the basis for his claim “remains unchanged” from his earlier unfair
dismissal application.
[86] For the reasons stated at [51] of this decision, we accept GHD’s contention that the
lengthy, 168-day delay in Mr Black’s general protections application gives rise to a material
and relevant prejudice to GHD. This factor weighs against a finding of exceptional
circumstances.
Merits of the application – s 366(2)(d)
[87] We refer to and repeat our observation at [55] that for the consideration in s 366(2)(d)
to weigh in favour of an extension of time, it must be shown that there is some merit in the
substantive application.107 However, the substantial merits of the application are not able to be
fully examined or agitated at this stage of the proceeding which is essentially interlocutory.108
[88] In summary, Mr Black contends109 that he was dismissed because he raised serious
safety and construction breaches. As a consequence, Mr Black submits that he was “personally
attacked and falsely accused of not attending PreStarts and refusing a breathalyser.” Mr
Black’s position is that his ongoing tenure was threatened, and when he chose not to “be quiet
or sign off on illegal activities” he was relieved of his employment duties, given medial work
to do and ultimately dismissed.
[89] GHD’s response to Mr Black’s contentions are set out at [58] of this decision and are
not repeated here. In summary, GHD submits that its client, Main Roads Western Australia,
elected to conclude Mr Black’s secondment and did so in accordance with the relevant
contractual terms. GHD understands that Main Roads Western Australia held concerns that Mr
Black had failed to attend pre-start meetings and undertake required drug and alcohol screening
tests. GHD contends that Mr Black was given an opportunity to respond to these concerns. Mr
Black’s contention that he was dismissed for raising safety concerns is rejected in “the strongest
possible terms.”110
[2023] FWCFB 38
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[90] In response to GHD’s position, Mr Black submits111 that “all correspondence” to him
prior to the dismissal meeting concerned the “PreStart and Breathalyzer allegations.” Initially
Mr Black was informed that these matters formed the basis for his dismissal, but GHD later
changed its position and informed Mr Black that those matters had no bearing upon his
dismissal. We infer from Mr Black’s submissions before us112 that Mr Black holds the view
that in the absence of a reason for the dismissal, Mr Black’s contention that he was dismissed
due to raising safety concerns has merit.
[91] Having considered the materials, it is evident that the merits of Mr Black’s general
protections application turns on contested points of fact. It is not possible to make any firm or
detailed assessment of the merits of Mr Black’s application at this stage. Nor would it be
appropriate for the Commission to resolve these contested issues of fact for the purposes of
taking account of the factor in s 366(2)(d) of the Act.113 Accordingly, we regard this factor as a
neutral consideration.
Fairness as between the person and other persons in a similar position – s 366(2)(e)
[92] In support of the factor at s 366(2)(e) of the Act, Mr Black relies upon an inherent
unfairness associated with employees being threatened with the loss of employment for raising
safety breaches.114
[93] GHD submits that Mr Black’s failure to promptly file a general protections application
following the discontinuance of his unfair dismissal application should weigh against him, in
circumstances where other applicants in a similar position comply with a 21-day statutory
deadline.
[94] This consideration is concerned with the consistent application of principles in
applications of this kind. This ensures fairness between an applicant and other persons in a
similar position. However, applications for an extension of time generally turn on their own
facts. There is no material before us which deals with considerations that are similar in kind to
the factual circumstances of Mr Black.
[95] It follows that in the circumstances of this case, considerations of fairness between Mr
Black and persons in a similar position is a neutral consideration.
Conclusion
[96] The test of exceptional circumstances in s 366(2) of the Act is a stringent one,
establishing a high hurdle for an applicant for an extension.115 It is for Mr Black to satisfy the
Commission that grounds exist for exercising the discretion to extend time in his favour. We
are not satisfied that Mr Black has done so. Having regard to our consideration of the relevant
statutory criteria, and the conclusions reached, none of the s 366(2) factors weigh in favour of
a finding of exceptional circumstances. We are not satisfied that the matters raised amount to
exceptional circumstances either when the various circumstances are considered individually
or together.
[97] As we are not satisfied that there are exceptional circumstances in this case, there is no
basis to allow further time for Mr Black’s general protections application to be made.
[2023] FWCFB 38
18
Orders
[98] We order as follows:
(1) Permission to appeal is granted.
(2) The appeal is upheld.
(3) The decision of Commissioner Yilmaz in [2022] FWC 2467 dated 15 September
2022 is quashed.
(4) Mr Black’s application for an extension of time in matter number C2022/3325
is dismissed.
(5) The stay order PR747019 dated 19 October 2022 is discharged.”
Appeal by GHD Pty Ltd T/A GHD v Black (2023) FWCFB 38 delivered 15 February 2023 per Catanzariti VP, Millhouse DP and P Ryan C